Research Articles
The Sport Concussion Assessment Tool: a systematic review
Aaron M. Yengo-Kahn, BS, Andrew T. Hale, BS, Brian H. Zalneraitis, BS, Scott L. Zuckerman, MD, Allen K. Sills, MD, and Gary S. Solomon, PhD
Over the last 2 decades, sport-related concussion (SRC) has garnered significant attention. Even with increased awareness and athlete education, sideline recognition and real-time diagnosis remain crucial. The need for an objective and standardized assessment of concussion led to the eventual development of the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT) during the Second International Conference on Concussion in Sport in 2004, which is now in its third iteration (SCAT3). In an effort to update our understanding of the most well-known sideline concussion assessment, the authors conducted a systematic review of the SCAT and the evidence supporting its use to date.
King-Devick Test for Concussion
Ventura RE, Balcer LJ, Galetta SL
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Concussion, a form of mild TBI, might be associated with long-term neurological symptoms. The effects of TBI and concussion are not restricted to cognition and balance. TBI can also affect multiple aspects of vision; mild TBI frequently leads to disruptions in visual functioning, while moderate or severe TBI often causes structural lesions. In patients with mild TBI, there might be abnormalities in saccades, pursuit, convergence, accommodation, and vestibulo-ocular reflex. Moderate and severe TBI might additionally lead to ocular motor palsies, optic neuropathies, and orbital pathologies. Vision-based testing is vital in the management of all forms of TBI and provides a sensitive approach for sideline or post-injury concussion screening. One sideline test, the King-Devick test, uses rapid number naming and has been tested in multiple athlete cohorts.
Do Neurocognitive SCAT3 Baseline Test Scores Differ Between Footballers (Soccer) Living With and Without Disability? A Cross-Sectional Study
Richard Weiler, MBChB, MSc, Willem van Mechelen, MD, PhD, Colin Fuller, PhD, Osman Hassan Ahmed, PhD, and Evert Verhagen, PhD
To determine if baseline Sport Concussion Assessment Tool, third Edition (SCAT3) scores differ between athletes with and without disability.
Vestibular/Ocular-Motor Screening (VOMS) for Concussion
This test is designed for use with subjects ages 9-40. When used with patients outside this age range, interpretation may vary. Abnormal findings or provocation of symptoms with any test may indicate dysfunction – and should trigger a referral to the appropriate health care professional for more detailed assessment and management.
Vestibular rehabilitation following mild traumatic brain injury
James M. Gurleya,b,∗, Bryan D. Hujsakc and Jennifer L. Kellyc
Vertigo, dizziness, and imbalance are a symptom complex that is commonly found following concussion. Early metabolic changes following concussion may lead to worsening of the injury and symptoms in individuals not properly managed from the outset. When symptoms do not recover spontaneously, skilled vestibular rehabilitation can be an effective modality in an attempt to normalize the individual’s vestibular responses.
Vestibular and balance treatment of the concussed athlete
Kathy Aligene ,∗ and Emerald Lin
The purpose of this chapter is to provide an update on the clinical management of vestibular and balance dysfunction in a concussed athlete with a focus on diagnosis, initial work-up, and initial and continuing management. Although much is still unknown about the etiology of vestibular and balance dysfunction in a concussed athlete, we briefly review current theories about neural pathophysiology to help link proposed treatment methodologies.
Vestibular and balance issues following sportrelated concussion
Tamara C. Valovich McLeod & Troy D. Hale
To review relevant literature regarding the effect of concussion on vestibular function, impairments, assessments and management strategies.
Exercise Prescription Patterns in Patients Treated with Vestibular Rehabilitation After Concussion
Bara A. Alsalaheen1, Susan L. Whitney1,2,3, Anne Mucha2, Laura O. Morris2, Joseph M. Furman3 & Patrick J. Sparto1,2,3*
Individuals with concussion often complain of persistent dizziness and imbalance, and these problems have been treated with vestibular rehabilitation exercises. The purpose of this study is to describe the vestibular
rehabilitation exercise prescriptions provided to individuals after concussion. Methods. A retrospective chart review of vestibular rehabilitation home exercise programmes prescribed by physical therapists for 104 participants who were diagnosed with concussion was conducted. Each of the exercises was classified by exercise type, duration and frequency. Frequency counts of the most common exercise types were recorded.
Clinical Risk Score for Persistent Postconcussion Symptoms Among Children With Acute Concussion in the ED
Roger Zemek, MD; Nick Barrowman, PhD; Stephen B. Freedman, MDCM, MSc; Jocelyn Gravel, MD; Isabelle Gagnon, PhD; Candice McGahern, BA; Mary Aglipay, MSc; Gurinder Sangha, MD; Kathy Boutis, MD; Darcy Beer, MD; William Craig, MDCM; Emma Burns, MD; Ken J. Farion, MD; Angelo Mikrogianakis, MD; Karen Barlow, MD; Alexander S. Dubrovsky, MDCM, MSc; Willem Meeuwisse,MD, PhD; Gerard Gioia, PhD; William P. Meehan III, MD; Miriam H. Beauchamp, PhD; Yael Kamil, BSc; Anne M. Grool, MD, PhD, MSc; Blaine Hoshizaki, PhD; Peter Anderson, PhD; Brian L. Brooks, PhD; Keith Owen Yeates, PhD; Michael Vassilyadi, MDCM, MSc; Terry Klassen, MD; Michelle Keightley, PhD; Lawrence Richer, MD; Carol DeMatteo, MSc; Martin H. Osmond, MDCM; for the Pediatric Emergency Research Canada (PERC) Concussion Team
Approximately one-third of children experiencing acute concussion experience ongoing somatic, cognitive, and psychological or behavioral symptoms, referred to as persistent postconcussion symptoms (PPCS). However, validated and pragmatic tools enabling clinicians to identify patients at risk for PPCS do not exist.
International study of video review of concussion in professional sports
Gavin A Davis,1,2 Michael Makdissi,1,3 Paul Bloomfield,4 Patrick Clifton,5 Ruben J Echemendia,6 Éanna Cian Falvey,7 Gordon Ward Fuller,7 Gary Green,8 Peter Rex Harcourt,5 Thomas Hill,9 Nathan McGuirk,4 Willem Meeuwisse,6 John W Orchard,9 Martin Raftery,7 Allen K Sills,10 Gary S Solomon,10,11 Alex Valadka,8 Paul McCrory1
Video review has become an important tool in professional sporting codes to help sideline identification and management of players with a potential concussion.
